Unners, negative tests indicate a morally good, clean inner-self, while positive tests signify the flawed and dirty, morally corrupt character. Surveillance by the media, coaches, running peers and others to anti-doping discourses exposes non-elite rDihexa msds Unners into various forms of self-discipline that conform to externally established or “proper” modes of being as runners.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptSurveill Soc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 November 04.HenningPageBiological testing expands what is visible, and therefore readable, only for those who undergo the test. As non-elite runners are not subject to the same biological surveillance that applies to elites, they are not forced to confront the externally determined and regulated “truth” of their own invisible biology, thus shielding their inner selves from the anti-doping regulatory gaze. The biology of non-elite runners, and hence their own inner truth, remains hidden, unseen and unread. Nevertheless, through observing the self and others (Rail and Harvey 1995) the pervasive anti-doping gaze in contemporary elite sport promotes various forms of self-surveillance amongst non-elite athletes. Internalizing this gaze leads runners to self-surveil to ensure their conformity to the clean ideal by following the dictates of the running environment (Shogan 1999) even when they are not exposed to or remain outside these formal biological surveillance processes (Lang 2010). Self-surveillance relies on the individual’s understanding of the parameters of what is normal for them. When there are differences in what is understood as normal, healthy or acceptable between rule-makers such as WADA and individual, the result is a potential blind spot in the internalized gaze. For non-elite runners many of the lesser known banned substances and potentially harmful but legal substances are located in this blind spot. As their internalized gaze is not as clear as that of the elite runner, non-elite runners may mistakenly make decisions they view as correct or healthy but that may result in short-, long-term or even fatal consequences. In the following sections, I will show how gaps in non-elite runners’ knowledge and perceptions of supplement safety and doping can leave them vulnerable to mistakenly using a banned substance or harmful supplement even as they continue to self-surveil in order to be morally good and healthy citizens.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript MethodsThe runners interviewed for this work were part of a larger project on non-elite runners and doping. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview format with non-elite runners based in New York City. Each runner was affiliated with a club team governed by the New York Road Runners (NYRR) organization. The reasoning behind limiting this sample to NYRR-affiliated team members is three-fold. First, team affiliation requires some form of interaction with other runners, as opposed to fitness, recreational, or competitive solo runners who tend to work out alone or do not interact with others. Leupeptin (hemisulfate)MedChemExpress Leupeptin (hemisulfate) Second, as many runners may not race to win or place, the team competition structure provides a teamoriented goal that can induce runners to race regularly in order to field a points-scoring team, while providing a competitive goal outside of their own personal motivations. Third, individuals competing in NYRR-sponsored races are required to agre.Unners, negative tests indicate a morally good, clean inner-self, while positive tests signify the flawed and dirty, morally corrupt character. Surveillance by the media, coaches, running peers and others to anti-doping discourses exposes non-elite runners into various forms of self-discipline that conform to externally established or “proper” modes of being as runners.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptSurveill Soc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 November 04.HenningPageBiological testing expands what is visible, and therefore readable, only for those who undergo the test. As non-elite runners are not subject to the same biological surveillance that applies to elites, they are not forced to confront the externally determined and regulated “truth” of their own invisible biology, thus shielding their inner selves from the anti-doping regulatory gaze. The biology of non-elite runners, and hence their own inner truth, remains hidden, unseen and unread. Nevertheless, through observing the self and others (Rail and Harvey 1995) the pervasive anti-doping gaze in contemporary elite sport promotes various forms of self-surveillance amongst non-elite athletes. Internalizing this gaze leads runners to self-surveil to ensure their conformity to the clean ideal by following the dictates of the running environment (Shogan 1999) even when they are not exposed to or remain outside these formal biological surveillance processes (Lang 2010). Self-surveillance relies on the individual’s understanding of the parameters of what is normal for them. When there are differences in what is understood as normal, healthy or acceptable between rule-makers such as WADA and individual, the result is a potential blind spot in the internalized gaze. For non-elite runners many of the lesser known banned substances and potentially harmful but legal substances are located in this blind spot. As their internalized gaze is not as clear as that of the elite runner, non-elite runners may mistakenly make decisions they view as correct or healthy but that may result in short-, long-term or even fatal consequences. In the following sections, I will show how gaps in non-elite runners’ knowledge and perceptions of supplement safety and doping can leave them vulnerable to mistakenly using a banned substance or harmful supplement even as they continue to self-surveil in order to be morally good and healthy citizens.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript MethodsThe runners interviewed for this work were part of a larger project on non-elite runners and doping. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview format with non-elite runners based in New York City. Each runner was affiliated with a club team governed by the New York Road Runners (NYRR) organization. The reasoning behind limiting this sample to NYRR-affiliated team members is three-fold. First, team affiliation requires some form of interaction with other runners, as opposed to fitness, recreational, or competitive solo runners who tend to work out alone or do not interact with others. Second, as many runners may not race to win or place, the team competition structure provides a teamoriented goal that can induce runners to race regularly in order to field a points-scoring team, while providing a competitive goal outside of their own personal motivations. Third, individuals competing in NYRR-sponsored races are required to agre.
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