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S that rarely give the information necessary to analyze trends over time. Nonetheless, in its progress report around the Brazilian response to HIV and AIDS from 2010 to 2011, ready as part of your United Nations Basic Assembly Particular Session process, the Brazilian Ministry of Overall health has clearly affirmed that the epidemic has “stabilized and concentrated in particular vulnerable population sub-groups.”81(p8) It reported that the rate of HIV infection prevalence in the population aged 15 to 49 years has remained stable at 0.6 considering that 2004, getting 0.four in ladies and 0.8 in males. With regard to more vulnerable population groups older than 18 years, research in 10 Brazilian municipalities (Manaus, Recife, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Curitiba, Itaja Campo Grande, and Bras ia) among 2008 and 2009 estimated HIV prevalence rates of 5.9 in injection drug customers, ten.five in homosexual men, and 4.9 in female sex workers.81 Independent of seroprevalence and incidence data, important evidence of widespread alterations in social and sexual practices, in substantial aspect as a response towards the epidemic, also exists. Annual sales of male condoms enhanced nationwide from five million in 1985 to 395 million in 2001.82 Representative national TPPU cost surveys of sexual and HIV prevention practices have also clearly documented major changes between 1998 and 2005.83 Condom use reported inside the most recent act of sexual intercourseincreased significantly in all regions on the country, for instance, from 19.1 (in 1985) PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20053103 to 33.1 (in 2005) among folks in normal sexual partnerships, from 24.5 to 46.3 amongst those in normal partnerships but in addition with casual partners, and from 63.five to 78.6 amongst these with only casual sexual partners.84 These rates have been especially higher amongst young folks, from 16 to 24 years of age: 34.6 (in 1985) to 59.2 (in 2005) among those in normal sexual partnerships, 32.five to 59.7 among these in common partnerships but in addition with casual partners, and 81.7 to 92.0 amongst these with only casual sexual partners.84 Nevertheless, each activists and researchers in Brazil have raised considerable issues about the sustainability of this response, specifically in populations at greatest danger. While government AIDS programs have acknowledged the higher threat faced by injection drug customers and gay, bisexual, along with other men getting sex with males, political controversies and politicized policy debates threaten the relative achievement of HIV prevention among both these populations.85(p9—15) In responding to the epidemic beginning inside the mid-1990s, as many as 160 needle and syringe programs had been established by 2003.82(piv) Nonetheless, as the world’s largest crack cocaine epidemic has taken shape in Brazil over the previous decade, the relative success that had been accomplished in framing drug use as a public wellness problem has given technique to a expanding return to punitive legal practices, and harm reduction programs about the nation have been closed down in response to political pressure. Equally worrisome, growing political stress from the multiparty Evangelical group inside the Brazilian Congress has led the existing government to cut support for public school programs against homophobia and to restrict the distribution of a major national HIV prevention campaign that had been created to prioritize prevention among homosexual males and transgender folks in spite of the widespread recognition of their specially high HIV prevalence rates.86 While these developments ha.