R the morphological sensory innervations

R the morphological sensory innervations 1516647 of dissociated SKM cells was established in vitro. Once neurons recognize their appropriate targets, specific neuron-target contacts will be established. These contacts are involved with modulation of neurites growth dynamics and the formation of functional synaptic connections [42?4]. Cell-cell recognition often requires the formation of a highly organized pattern of receptor proteins in the intercellular junction, like a synapse [45]. The mechanisms of the formation of NMJ-like structures observed in the present experiment may depend on the different proteins synthesized in both DRG neuronal terminals and target SKM cells. NF-H (NF-200) plays an important role in healthy neurons [18]. The appearance of NF-H represents a critical event in the stabilization of axons that accompanies their maturation [46]. In the present study, the percentage of NF-200-IR neurons, NF-200 protein and its mRNA expression ratio increased significantly in the presence of target SKM cells. These results suggested that target SKM cells are important not only for promoting NF-200-IRFigure 6. Double fluorescent labeling of MAP-2 and NF-200. Panel A: neuromuscular coculture (A1: MAP-2; A2: NF-200; A3: overlay of A1 and A2). Panel B: DRG explant culture (B1: MAP-2; B2: NF-200; B3: overlay of B1 and B2). Panel C: The percentage of migrating NF-200-IR neurons. The percentage of NF-200-IR neurons increased in neuromuscular coculture as compared with that in DRG explants culture alone. Bar graphs with error bars represent mean 6 SEM (n = 20 different samples), Scale bar = 50 mm. *P,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052849.gTarget SKM on Neuronal Migration from DRGFigure 7. Double fluorescent labeling of MAP-2 and GAP-43. Panel A: neuromuscular coculture (A1: MAP-2; A2: GAP-43; A3: overlay of A1 and A2). Panel B: DRG explant culture (B1: MAP-2; B2: GAP-43; B3: overlay of B1 and B2). Panel C: The percentage of migrating GAP-43-IR neurons. The percentage of GAP-43-IR neurons increased in neuromuscular coculture as compared with that in DRG explants culture alone. Bar graphs with error bars represent mean 6 SEM (n = 18 different samples), Scale bar = 50 mm. *P,0.001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052849.gFigure 8. The mRNA levels of NF-200 and GAP-43. The mRNA levels of NF-200 and ITMN-191 biological activity CY5-SE GAP-43 increased in neuromuscular coculture as compared with that in DRG explants culture alone. Bar graphs with error bars represent mean 6 SEM (n = 6). *P,0.01, **P,0.001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052849.gneuronal migration but also for maintaining NF-IR neuronal phenotype. GAP-43 is a membrane-bound molecule expressed in neurons. It is particularly abundant during periods of axonal outgrowth in development and regeneration of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is known that GAP-43 mRNA is expressed in the DRG of adult rat and that GAP-43 is upregulated in DRG neurons during regeneration [47]. The expression of GAP-43 mRNA is higher in DRG neurons after peripheral nerve lesions [48]. A recent study has shown that the enhancement of neurites outgrowth is associated with the expression of GAP-43 in DRG cultures [49]. The expression of GAP-43 mRNA in primary cultured DRG neurons correlates very well with morphological changes of neurites degeneration [50]. The enhanced growth state is accompanied by an increase in the expression of GAP-43 in preinjured but not intact DRG [51]. In the present study, organotypic cultured DRG explants seem to represent.R the morphological sensory innervations 1516647 of dissociated SKM cells was established in vitro. Once neurons recognize their appropriate targets, specific neuron-target contacts will be established. These contacts are involved with modulation of neurites growth dynamics and the formation of functional synaptic connections [42?4]. Cell-cell recognition often requires the formation of a highly organized pattern of receptor proteins in the intercellular junction, like a synapse [45]. The mechanisms of the formation of NMJ-like structures observed in the present experiment may depend on the different proteins synthesized in both DRG neuronal terminals and target SKM cells. NF-H (NF-200) plays an important role in healthy neurons [18]. The appearance of NF-H represents a critical event in the stabilization of axons that accompanies their maturation [46]. In the present study, the percentage of NF-200-IR neurons, NF-200 protein and its mRNA expression ratio increased significantly in the presence of target SKM cells. These results suggested that target SKM cells are important not only for promoting NF-200-IRFigure 6. Double fluorescent labeling of MAP-2 and NF-200. Panel A: neuromuscular coculture (A1: MAP-2; A2: NF-200; A3: overlay of A1 and A2). Panel B: DRG explant culture (B1: MAP-2; B2: NF-200; B3: overlay of B1 and B2). Panel C: The percentage of migrating NF-200-IR neurons. The percentage of NF-200-IR neurons increased in neuromuscular coculture as compared with that in DRG explants culture alone. Bar graphs with error bars represent mean 6 SEM (n = 20 different samples), Scale bar = 50 mm. *P,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052849.gTarget SKM on Neuronal Migration from DRGFigure 7. Double fluorescent labeling of MAP-2 and GAP-43. Panel A: neuromuscular coculture (A1: MAP-2; A2: GAP-43; A3: overlay of A1 and A2). Panel B: DRG explant culture (B1: MAP-2; B2: GAP-43; B3: overlay of B1 and B2). Panel C: The percentage of migrating GAP-43-IR neurons. The percentage of GAP-43-IR neurons increased in neuromuscular coculture as compared with that in DRG explants culture alone. Bar graphs with error bars represent mean 6 SEM (n = 18 different samples), Scale bar = 50 mm. *P,0.001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052849.gFigure 8. The mRNA levels of NF-200 and GAP-43. The mRNA levels of NF-200 and GAP-43 increased in neuromuscular coculture as compared with that in DRG explants culture alone. Bar graphs with error bars represent mean 6 SEM (n = 6). *P,0.01, **P,0.001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052849.gneuronal migration but also for maintaining NF-IR neuronal phenotype. GAP-43 is a membrane-bound molecule expressed in neurons. It is particularly abundant during periods of axonal outgrowth in development and regeneration of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is known that GAP-43 mRNA is expressed in the DRG of adult rat and that GAP-43 is upregulated in DRG neurons during regeneration [47]. The expression of GAP-43 mRNA is higher in DRG neurons after peripheral nerve lesions [48]. A recent study has shown that the enhancement of neurites outgrowth is associated with the expression of GAP-43 in DRG cultures [49]. The expression of GAP-43 mRNA in primary cultured DRG neurons correlates very well with morphological changes of neurites degeneration [50]. The enhanced growth state is accompanied by an increase in the expression of GAP-43 in preinjured but not intact DRG [51]. In the present study, organotypic cultured DRG explants seem to represent.