Three together. Wt NFATC1 alone, PPP3CA alone, and GATA5 alone

Three together. Wt NFATC1 alone, PPP3CA alone, and GATA5 alone resulted in 1.8, 11.4 and 21.5 times fold activation respectively. Wt NFATC1 cotransfected with GATA5 caused a synergistic activation of 35 fold, while transfection of Wt NFATC1 with PPP3CA and GATA5 caused even a stronger synergy reaching 68 fold (50-14-6 Figure 7A). The combination of GATA5 with either the P66L or I701L NFATC1 mutants still yield a synergistic activation of the DEGS1 though at a much reduced magnitude as compared to the Wt. Only the double NFATC1 mutant failed to synergistically interact with GATA5. On the contrary, the interaction of NFATC1 and HAND2, a recently identified pathway implicated in chronic hypoxia, was totally disrupted over the DEGS1 promoter when any of the NFATC1 mutation was introduced (Figure 7B).Attenuated DNA binding affinity 11967625 of the mutant NFATC1 mutant proteinsGel shift assays were carried out to assess the binding affinity of the mutated NFATC1 proteins to an NFAT consensus binding sites. Equal amounts of overexpressed proteins were verified by western blots (Figure 5A), and used for DNA-binding activity. Multiple assays with different amounts of proteins showed a consistent decrease in DNA binding affinity of around 30 for all mutant proteins as compared to the wild type NFATC1 (Figure 5, B,C).DiscussionCongenital heart diseases are still the leading cause of death in newborns in addition to being the most frequent congenital diseases in humans [6]. The genetic mechanisms underlying such diseases however, are being unraveled slowly in the last decade because of the tremendous work done on understanding the molecular mechanisms governing cardiac development in numerous organisms [34]. These mechanisms include the collaborative interaction between transcription factors and their occupancy of conserved cis regulatory elements on different cardiac-specific promoters. The cloning and functional characterization of the genes encoding these transcription factors have successfully led to the formulation of hypotheses that mutations in these genes could cause heart malformations in humans. More importantly, the available data on genes such as GATA4, NKX2-5 and TBX5 doNFATC1 mutations hampered Calcineurin induced transcriptional activityIn order to assess the impact of the mutations on the regulatory function of NFATC1 protein, transactivation assays using the cyclin D1 (CCND1), and the Degenerative Spermatocyte Homolog 1 (DEGS1) promoter fused to luciferase were performed. HeLa cells were transfected with 1 mg of (DEGS1/luc)/well and increasing concentration of Wt NFATC1 and NFATC1 mutants with or AN 3199 site without constitutively activated PPP3CA. The DEGS1 promoter harbors a consensus NFAT binding site at 2914 bp in addition to multiple GATA binding sites. The results showed that the Wt NFATC1 is a moderate activator of the DEGS1 promoter with a maximum fold increase of 1.7 (Figure 6A). Upon coNFATC1 and Tricuspid AtresiaNFATC1 and Tricuspid AtresiaFigure 7. NFATC1 mutations impair functional interactions with GATA5 and HAND2. A- Wt NFATC1 or NFATC1 Mutants (P66L, I701L, P66L/I701L) were transfected with/without HAND2 and the DEGS1 promoter coupled to luciferase reporter construct in Hela cells. Six hours post transfection, media was changed and cells were harvested for luciferase assay after 36 hours. Relative luciferase activities are represented as fold activation. The data are the mean of three independent experiments done in duplicates +/2 standard dev.Three together. Wt NFATC1 alone, PPP3CA alone, and GATA5 alone resulted in 1.8, 11.4 and 21.5 times fold activation respectively. Wt NFATC1 cotransfected with GATA5 caused a synergistic activation of 35 fold, while transfection of Wt NFATC1 with PPP3CA and GATA5 caused even a stronger synergy reaching 68 fold (Figure 7A). The combination of GATA5 with either the P66L or I701L NFATC1 mutants still yield a synergistic activation of the DEGS1 though at a much reduced magnitude as compared to the Wt. Only the double NFATC1 mutant failed to synergistically interact with GATA5. On the contrary, the interaction of NFATC1 and HAND2, a recently identified pathway implicated in chronic hypoxia, was totally disrupted over the DEGS1 promoter when any of the NFATC1 mutation was introduced (Figure 7B).Attenuated DNA binding affinity 11967625 of the mutant NFATC1 mutant proteinsGel shift assays were carried out to assess the binding affinity of the mutated NFATC1 proteins to an NFAT consensus binding sites. Equal amounts of overexpressed proteins were verified by western blots (Figure 5A), and used for DNA-binding activity. Multiple assays with different amounts of proteins showed a consistent decrease in DNA binding affinity of around 30 for all mutant proteins as compared to the wild type NFATC1 (Figure 5, B,C).DiscussionCongenital heart diseases are still the leading cause of death in newborns in addition to being the most frequent congenital diseases in humans [6]. The genetic mechanisms underlying such diseases however, are being unraveled slowly in the last decade because of the tremendous work done on understanding the molecular mechanisms governing cardiac development in numerous organisms [34]. These mechanisms include the collaborative interaction between transcription factors and their occupancy of conserved cis regulatory elements on different cardiac-specific promoters. The cloning and functional characterization of the genes encoding these transcription factors have successfully led to the formulation of hypotheses that mutations in these genes could cause heart malformations in humans. More importantly, the available data on genes such as GATA4, NKX2-5 and TBX5 doNFATC1 mutations hampered Calcineurin induced transcriptional activityIn order to assess the impact of the mutations on the regulatory function of NFATC1 protein, transactivation assays using the cyclin D1 (CCND1), and the Degenerative Spermatocyte Homolog 1 (DEGS1) promoter fused to luciferase were performed. HeLa cells were transfected with 1 mg of (DEGS1/luc)/well and increasing concentration of Wt NFATC1 and NFATC1 mutants with or without constitutively activated PPP3CA. The DEGS1 promoter harbors a consensus NFAT binding site at 2914 bp in addition to multiple GATA binding sites. The results showed that the Wt NFATC1 is a moderate activator of the DEGS1 promoter with a maximum fold increase of 1.7 (Figure 6A). Upon coNFATC1 and Tricuspid AtresiaNFATC1 and Tricuspid AtresiaFigure 7. NFATC1 mutations impair functional interactions with GATA5 and HAND2. A- Wt NFATC1 or NFATC1 Mutants (P66L, I701L, P66L/I701L) were transfected with/without HAND2 and the DEGS1 promoter coupled to luciferase reporter construct in Hela cells. Six hours post transfection, media was changed and cells were harvested for luciferase assay after 36 hours. Relative luciferase activities are represented as fold activation. The data are the mean of three independent experiments done in duplicates +/2 standard dev.