Tive taking, empathic concern, and personal distress) which cover the positive

Tive taking, empathic concern, and personal distress) which cover the positive and negative features of empathy. The ERQ was used in order to assess habitual preferences for two commonly applied K-858 strategies of emotion regulation: expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Both, trait empathy and habitual emotion regulation strategies were included in the Digitoxin web correlation analyses because of the association of those scales with pain ratings and several emotion regulationFrontiers in Psychology | Emotion ScienceMay 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 517 |Buruck et al.Stress, emotion regulation, and empathyskills. Age was included into correlation analyses to complement sample characteristics.STATISTICAL ANALYSESstress induction and mean centered emotion regulation skills in the multiple regression. A significant interaction term reveals moderation.To test for differences in pain ratings and reaction times between the different pain intensities of the pictures we conducted repeated measure analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) with pain ratings or reaction times, respectively, as dependent variable, pain Intensities as repeated measures factor (non-pain pictures, pain pictures with intensity 1, pain pictures with intensity 2, pain pictures with intensity 3), Group (Stress vs. Placebo) as independent variable and gender as covariate. For all subsequent analyses, the ratings to painful pictures were combined across the three different pain intensities resulting in two picture categories as repeated measures factor (painful and non-painful pictures). In order to investigate whether our stress induction via the TSST was effective (dependent variables: MDBF mood, MDBF alertness, MDBF calmness, and heart rate) and to analyze the influence of stress on pain ratings (dependent variable), we used repeated measures ANCOVAs. The ANCOVAs included Group (Stress vs. Placebo) as independent variable, gender as covariate and Time (preTSST, postTSST, postPain) or Pain (nonpainful pictures, painful pictures) as repeated measures factor, respectively. To analyze associations between the covariates age, gender, trait empathy, and habitual PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19906222 emotion regulation, the independent variable Group (Stress vs. Placebo), as well as between the predictor emotion regulation skills and pain ratings to painful pictures, non-parametrical correlation analyses (Kendall’s Tau) were performed. This step was included in order to select potential predictor variables for the following regression analyses. Variables were included when correlation coefficients were significant at least at p < 0.1. Correction for multiple testing was not conducted. Thus, the results should be interpreted with caution. Subsequently, we conducted a stepwise multiple regression and after that a moderated regression analysis with pain ratings on painful pictures as dependent variable, Group as independent variable and, based on the preceding correlation analysis, the selected predictor variables. All computational procedures were conducted using the PASW/SPSS Package (IBM corporation, version 19.0). We used moderated regression analysis to test the potential moderating role of emotion regulation skills with the Process plugin (Hayes, 2013) for SPSS. Hence, a moderation effect would imply that the effect of acute psychosocial stress on empathy for pain depends on the level of emotion regulations skills. According to the recommendations of Aiken and West (1991) we used the following procedure for each emotion regulation.Tive taking, empathic concern, and personal distress) which cover the positive and negative features of empathy. The ERQ was used in order to assess habitual preferences for two commonly applied strategies of emotion regulation: expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Both, trait empathy and habitual emotion regulation strategies were included in the correlation analyses because of the association of those scales with pain ratings and several emotion regulationFrontiers in Psychology | Emotion ScienceMay 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 517 |Buruck et al.Stress, emotion regulation, and empathyskills. Age was included into correlation analyses to complement sample characteristics.STATISTICAL ANALYSESstress induction and mean centered emotion regulation skills in the multiple regression. A significant interaction term reveals moderation.To test for differences in pain ratings and reaction times between the different pain intensities of the pictures we conducted repeated measure analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) with pain ratings or reaction times, respectively, as dependent variable, pain Intensities as repeated measures factor (non-pain pictures, pain pictures with intensity 1, pain pictures with intensity 2, pain pictures with intensity 3), Group (Stress vs. Placebo) as independent variable and gender as covariate. For all subsequent analyses, the ratings to painful pictures were combined across the three different pain intensities resulting in two picture categories as repeated measures factor (painful and non-painful pictures). In order to investigate whether our stress induction via the TSST was effective (dependent variables: MDBF mood, MDBF alertness, MDBF calmness, and heart rate) and to analyze the influence of stress on pain ratings (dependent variable), we used repeated measures ANCOVAs. The ANCOVAs included Group (Stress vs. Placebo) as independent variable, gender as covariate and Time (preTSST, postTSST, postPain) or Pain (nonpainful pictures, painful pictures) as repeated measures factor, respectively. To analyze associations between the covariates age, gender, trait empathy, and habitual PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19906222 emotion regulation, the independent variable Group (Stress vs. Placebo), as well as between the predictor emotion regulation skills and pain ratings to painful pictures, non-parametrical correlation analyses (Kendall’s Tau) were performed. This step was included in order to select potential predictor variables for the following regression analyses. Variables were included when correlation coefficients were significant at least at p < 0.1. Correction for multiple testing was not conducted. Thus, the results should be interpreted with caution. Subsequently, we conducted a stepwise multiple regression and after that a moderated regression analysis with pain ratings on painful pictures as dependent variable, Group as independent variable and, based on the preceding correlation analysis, the selected predictor variables. All computational procedures were conducted using the PASW/SPSS Package (IBM corporation, version 19.0). We used moderated regression analysis to test the potential moderating role of emotion regulation skills with the Process plugin (Hayes, 2013) for SPSS. Hence, a moderation effect would imply that the effect of acute psychosocial stress on empathy for pain depends on the level of emotion regulations skills. According to the recommendations of Aiken and West (1991) we used the following procedure for each emotion regulation.