Emia before beginning each protocol. Hearts that appeared to be damaged

Emia before beginning each protocol. Hearts that appeared to be damaged were excluded. After a baseline period of 10 min, the perfusate was HC-067047 switched to baseline KH PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850648 perfusate containing one of three solutions: 5 mM Na-Pyruvate, 5 mM Na-DCA, baseline KH. 5 mM DCA is at the upper-end of reported DCA concentrations that are used in reperfusion studies. The pyruvate concentration was chosen to match the DCA concentration, although higher concentrations have been used in previous studies. After the perfusate switch, left-ventricular developed pressure, heart rate, and epicardial NADH fluorescence were recorded for an additional 40 min, after which each heart was subjected to no-flow ischemia to record maximum NADH fluorescence. A separate set of MedChemExpress Sodium laureth sulfate experiments was completed to study the effects of administering DCA to hearts perfused with physiologic levels of lactate and pyruvate. In those studies DCA was administered to hearts perfused with baseline perfusate that also contained lactate and pyruvate. The results of those studies were compared with the results of administering DCA to hearts perfused with only 6 mM glucose. Left-ventricular developed pressure measurements and NADH imaging Isovolumic LVDP was measured by inserting a latex balloon into the LV using established techniques. The balloon was attached to a pressure transducer and the diastolic LV pressure was set to 10 mmHg using a spindle syringe. Pressure was continuously recorded using a bridge amplifier attached to a PowerLab data acquisition unit with LabChart software. After each study, LVDP signals were differentiated and inotropy and lusitropy were analyzed at predetermined timepoints. Epicardial NADH fluorescence was imaged as previously described. A UV LED spotlight with a peak wavelength of 365 nm illuminated the anterior epicardial surface. Power output was set to 2 mW with a power density of approximately 0.16 mW/cm2. Blebbistatin, an actin-myosin ATPase inhibitor, was added to both perfusate reservoirs to prevent motion artifact while imaging Rhod-2AM fluorescence. Rhod-2AM was excited using an LED spotlight with a peak wavelength of 530 nm and a 54520-nm excitation filter. Emitted light passed through a lens, was band pass filtered at 60535 nm, and imaged at >600 frames per second using a CCD camera. Hearts were monitored for 10 min with baseline KH after administration of blebbistatin and Rhod-2AM. Perfusate was then switched to a solution that was either baseline KH or contained 5 mM pyruvate or 5 mM DCA. Ca2+ transients were imaged at 2-min intervals during baseline perfusion and after the perfusate switch. When Pflugers Arch. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 January 06. Jaimes et al. Page 6 imaging, hearts were sequentially paced at cycle lengths of 240 and 180 ms. Electrodes were placed in the superfusion chamber to record electrical activity throughout the studies and to monitor for pacing capture. Average Ca2+ transients were computed from Rhod-2AM images using pixels from a small ROI having a diameter of 5 mm on the LV epicardium. Average transients were then analyzed using custom MATLAB algorithms to measure the following parameters: duration from activation time to peak fluorescence, duration from activation time to 30 % and 80 % relaxation, and decay time constant. The activation time was defined as the maximum of the second derivative, at the first detection of SR Ca2+ release. The return to baseline was fitted as a monoexponential from 70 % height o.Emia before beginning each protocol. Hearts that appeared to be damaged were excluded. After a baseline period of 10 min, the perfusate was switched to baseline KH PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850648 perfusate containing one of three solutions: 5 mM Na-Pyruvate, 5 mM Na-DCA, baseline KH. 5 mM DCA is at the upper-end of reported DCA concentrations that are used in reperfusion studies. The pyruvate concentration was chosen to match the DCA concentration, although higher concentrations have been used in previous studies. After the perfusate switch, left-ventricular developed pressure, heart rate, and epicardial NADH fluorescence were recorded for an additional 40 min, after which each heart was subjected to no-flow ischemia to record maximum NADH fluorescence. A separate set of experiments was completed to study the effects of administering DCA to hearts perfused with physiologic levels of lactate and pyruvate. In those studies DCA was administered to hearts perfused with baseline perfusate that also contained lactate and pyruvate. The results of those studies were compared with the results of administering DCA to hearts perfused with only 6 mM glucose. Left-ventricular developed pressure measurements and NADH imaging Isovolumic LVDP was measured by inserting a latex balloon into the LV using established techniques. The balloon was attached to a pressure transducer and the diastolic LV pressure was set to 10 mmHg using a spindle syringe. Pressure was continuously recorded using a bridge amplifier attached to a PowerLab data acquisition unit with LabChart software. After each study, LVDP signals were differentiated and inotropy and lusitropy were analyzed at predetermined timepoints. Epicardial NADH fluorescence was imaged as previously described. A UV LED spotlight with a peak wavelength of 365 nm illuminated the anterior epicardial surface. Power output was set to 2 mW with a power density of approximately 0.16 mW/cm2. Blebbistatin, an actin-myosin ATPase inhibitor, was added to both perfusate reservoirs to prevent motion artifact while imaging Rhod-2AM fluorescence. Rhod-2AM was excited using an LED spotlight with a peak wavelength of 530 nm and a 54520-nm excitation filter. Emitted light passed through a lens, was band pass filtered at 60535 nm, and imaged at >600 frames per second using a CCD camera. Hearts were monitored for 10 min with baseline KH after administration of blebbistatin and Rhod-2AM. Perfusate was then switched to a solution that was either baseline KH or contained 5 mM pyruvate or 5 mM DCA. Ca2+ transients were imaged at 2-min intervals during baseline perfusion and after the perfusate switch. When Pflugers Arch. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 January 06. Jaimes et al. Page 6 imaging, hearts were sequentially paced at cycle lengths of 240 and 180 ms. Electrodes were placed in the superfusion chamber to record electrical activity throughout the studies and to monitor for pacing capture. Average Ca2+ transients were computed from Rhod-2AM images using pixels from a small ROI having a diameter of 5 mm on the LV epicardium. Average transients were then analyzed using custom MATLAB algorithms to measure the following parameters: duration from activation time to peak fluorescence, duration from activation time to 30 % and 80 % relaxation, and decay time constant. The activation time was defined as the maximum of the second derivative, at the first detection of SR Ca2+ release. The return to baseline was fitted as a monoexponential from 70 % height o.