We were therefore interested to assess these parameters in our mutant iPS cells

ce of AA using Gene Ontology analysis. Interestingly, the upregulated genes are enhanced for the Wnt signaling and calcium modulating pathways, mesoderm formation, and placental development. In contrast, the downregulated genes are enriched for neuronal functions including neuron projection, neural tube development, and axon guidance. Notably, we identify several pluripotent-related genes such as Eras, Lin28a, and Utf1 in the downregulated differentially expressed genes by GSK-J4. To confirm the regulation of these genes by Utx, we measured the RNA expression of several differentially expressed genes following Utx depletion. Among PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784385 those genes downregulated by GSK-J4, the expression of Utf1, Eras, Zic2, and Fgf15 are reduced in Utx depleted cells, whereas, Zic5 expression does not show a significant change. Genes that are induced by GSK-J4, Nodal, HoxC13, and Cdkn1a, also show reduced expression following Utx knockdown. These data suggest that Utx activates the expression of these genes by both demethylase-dependent and-independent mechanisms. GSK-J4 inhibits H3K4 demethylation at Xist, Nodal, and HoxC13 in GSK-126 manufacturer Female ESCs Recently, it has been reported that GSK-J4 can inhibit not only Kdm6, but also other JmjC histone demethylase family members. To clarify the effects of GSK-J4, we used qChIP and tested the trimethylation levels of H3K4, H3K9 in addition to H3K27 in female ESCs after 8 / 17 Dynamics of Histone Demethylation in Female ESCs Fig 5. Transcriptome analysis of GSK-J4- and ascorbic acid-treated female ESCs. Scatter plots between control and GSK-J4 treated cells in the absence of AA and in the presence of AA with FPKM. Overlap between ESCs without AA and with AA treatment in up-regulated genes and down-regulated genes by GSK-J4 exposure. Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes. Top panel: up-regulated genes; Bottom panel: down-regulated genes. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125626.g005 9 / 17 Dynamics of Histone Demethylation in Female ESCs Fig 6. GSK-J4 induces gene expression by inhibiting H3K4me3 demethylation in ESCs. Female ESCs were transfected with a control siRNA and two different siRNAs targeting Utx. RNA was extracted and subjected to RT-qPCR 72 hr after transfection. The graph represents the mean values of three independent experiments. The error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean. Student’s t-test was used for the statistical analysis. p<0.05; p<0.01; n.s. = not significant p>0.05. GSK-J4 inhibits H3K4me3 demethylation and induces gene expression. Female ESCs were treated with 10 M GSK-J4 for 24 hr and subjected to qChIP using anti-H3K27me3, anti-H3K4me3, and PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19785045 anti-H3K9me3 antibodies using primer sets spanning TSSs of Prdm14, Tsix, Utf, Nodal, and HoxC13 and Xist-intron 1. The graph represents the mean values of fold enrichment relative to the control from three independent experiments. The error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean.GSK-J4 exposure. We observed elevated H3K27me3 levels of all the tested genes except HoxC13. No significant changes of H3K9me3 levels were observed after GSK-J4. In contrast, only the genes induced by GSK-J4 show enhanced H3K4me3 levels, indicating that the demethylation of H3K4me3 of these genes is also inhibited by GSK-J4 accounting for the elevated expression of these genes. Taken together, our highthrough put analysis defines the global gene expression changes in female ESCs following GSK-J4 by inhibiting both H3K4 and H3K27 demethylation. JmjC