The minimum distance was 10 m between traps and 25 m between traps and the forest border

he attachment of a vanilloyl group to C-60 of sugar part. This linkage was further confirmed by the HMBC correlations from H-60 to C-709 . Therefore, the structure of compound 1 was assigned as -pinoresinol 4-O- b-D-glucopyranoside. Antiviral Lignan Glycoside from C. gigantea Identification of compounds 2 and 3 Two known compounds 2 and 3 have the same molecular formula of C21H24O11 by the evidences obtained from their positive ESI-TOF-MS of + at m/z 475.1215 and 475.1217, respectively. Their 1H and 13C NMR data showed the presence of a b-glucopyranosyl unit and a vanilloyl STA 4783 moiety which were in good agreement with those reported in literature. Data obtained from CPE assay and plaque reduction assay. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104544.t003 8 Antiviral Lignan Glycoside from C. gigantea selectivity index larger than 11.3. While, the other three tested compounds did not exhibit any significant anti-H1N1 activity. Except for a substitution of a vanilloyl moiety at C60 of compound 1, the chemical structure of compound 1 closely resembles to -pinoresinol 4-O-b-D-glucopyranoside. But their anti-H1N1 activities were notably different. This indicated that a vanilloyl group at C-60 is an indispensable part for anti-H1N1 activity of PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661824 compound 1. In vitro anti-influenza virus activities of compound 1 against other influenza viruses The anti-influenza effect of compound 1 was further examined by using CPE assay against a series of both human and avian influenza viruses. As shown in 9 Antiviral Lignan Glycoside from C. gigantea 10 Antiviral Lignan Glycoside from C. gigantea reduction assay . The IC50 values of compound 1 were in the range of 19.029.8 mM, with SI values of 4.67.3. The results were consistent with those of CPE assay. Time course assay of compound 1 in influenza virus-infected cells The antiviral mechanism of compound 1 was examined by a time course assay in a single infectious cycle using an A/PR/8/34 infection model. The results showed that the clinically used anti-influenza drug, oseltamivir, reduced virus titers at the late stage by blocking the release of progeny virions, while compound 1 exerted its antiviral effect at the early stage of virus replication. Virus titers in the supernatant were remarkably reduced by compound 1 treatment. Meanwhile, significant reduction of virus copies further confirmed the inhibitory effect of compound 1 on influenza virus. These suggested that the antiviral mechanism of compound 1 was via inhibition of the early stage of influenza virus replication rather than interfering with virus release step. such as Bay 11-7085, not only efficiently blocked replication of influenza viruses, but also reduced NF-kB-regulated cytokines. Here we showed that compound 1 inhibits virus-induced NFkB activation in a dose dependent manner. To further confirm the inhibition of virus-induced NF-kB activation by compound 1, we utilized immunofluorescence to monitor nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. We observed that compound 1 significantly blocked influenza virus-induced nuclear translocation of p65, which was consistent with its dose-dependent inhibitory effect on NF-kB activation shown in Compound 1 efficiently blocked nuclear export of viral RNPs in the infected A549 cells Nuclear retention of viral RNP complexes preventing formation of progeny virus particles would block virus propagation. Recent reports demonstrated that viruses support NF-kB-dependent expression of proapoptotic factor, FasL and TRAIL, which act