Caspofungin is the only echinocandin to have been studied both in liquid culture and on PAO

The fields captured patient characteristics, previous fractures, smoking, clinical features of malabsorption, alcohol consumption, chronic diseases associated with secondary osteoporosis, body mass index, physical activity index, medication history including anti-retroviral drug therapies, current and nadir CD4, HIV RNA viral load and AIDS defining illnesses. Biochemical assessments included serum calcium,, phosphate, 25-OH cholecalciferol, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, sex hormone binding globulin, testosterone level, and urine protein:creatinine ratio. A DXA scan of lumbar spine and hip was performed, and the BMD and T scores recorded. Patients and controls were scanned on Hologic DXA machines that were cross-calibrated in-vivo by scanning 20 volunteers on both machines. Spine T-scores were calculated using the manufacturer’s US spine reference range and hip scores using the NHANES III range. WHO criteria were used to classify osteoporosis value for an individual with the same age, sex and race) or osteopenia. The 10 year risk of fragility fracture was calculated using FRAX, which integrates clinical risk factors to produce a score with or Materials and Methods The protocol was approved by The Bromley PCT Research Ethics Committee. Full informed written consent was obtained. Study design and participants A cross-sectional study of HIV infected patients and agematched controls was performed. All >3000 patients who regularly attended the HIV outpatient clinic at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK between January 2009 and April 2010 were eligible MedChemExpress c-Met inhibitor 2 providing they were not pregnant and able to give written informed consent. Volunteers were divided into age bands, from 30-34 years, 35-39, 40-44, 45-50, 50 to 54 and 55 years of age, 19081254 with a recruitment target of 20 to 24 in each group. Patients were randomly recruited from general 2 Fracture Risk and HIV:Probono 1 Study without BMD for an individual by geographic setting. Adjustments do not exist for HIV infection. We used the country specific tool which, unlike US FRAX, makes no allowance for ethnicity. The outputs are 10-year probability of hip fracture and the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture. FRAX has not been validated for people under 40 years old, hence for all younger subjects 40 years was used. The RLFP is a Food and Drug Administration approved tool designed to calculate the cumulative risk of fracture during an individual’s remaining lifetime A web-based version that utilises multiple decrement life table analysis was applied. Lifeexpectancy is determined for each subject from which a modified Kaplan-Meier curve is constructed. Thus, the residual lifetime risk of fracture for a 60-yr-old woman is simply the cumulative incidence of fracture over T years, I=htSt-1, where ht is the conditional probability of sustaining a fracture at age t years given survival beyond age t – 1 years, St-1 is the probability of survival beyond age t – 1 years free of fracture, and htSt-1 is the unconditional probability of fracture at age t years. As a single time-point DXA scan is used, an assumption is made that the average bone loss is 1.5% of total mineral bone mass per year. The RLFP is based on the life expectancy of the general population, is adjusted 10408253 for major ethic groups but is based on USA data and has no country specific fields. No adjustment is available for life-expectancy for HIV. No adjustment was made for length of time on HAART, but an analysis of BMD and d