The species treated right here. In P. lodiculoides (Fig. 10D) and P. dendroides (Fig. 7G) nectaries are often colorless, weak and membranous, curving slightly or collapsing immediately after anthesis. Having said that, in southern Peru, nectaries of P. dendroides may perhaps be light pink or brown. Inside the staminate flowers of these two species, the nectaries are effectively integrated in the corolla, only reaching about halfway for the sinuses with the tube. All other species have rigid dark brownish nectaries, which reach the sinuses with the corolla tube inside the staminate flower, and are often well exsert in the pistillate flowers, in particular in fruit. In P. pilosus (Fig. 12B, D, I) and P. huancabambensis (Fig. 9I) the papillae rimming the best in the nectary are stiff-walled and largely colorless, only partially collapsing after anthesis and contrast strongly using the dark-pigmented physique from the nectary. Stiff-walled apical papillae may perhaps also be developed, to a lesser degree, in Peruvian specimens of P. dendroides. In Paepalanthus caryonauta (Fig. 5G) the apical papillae are significantly less clearly differentiated in texture and color, along with the complete structure uniformly dark brown.Nancy Hensold / PhytoKeys 64: 17 (2016)Figure three. Vascular bundle morphology, adaxial side up. A Paepalanthus caryonauta B P. pilosus var. pilosus C-E P. dendroides F P. huancabambensis midvein, with bundle sheath extensions. (A Valenzuela 8117 B Barbour 3427 C Le 2683 D-E Le 2243. F: Sag tegui 16799 D-F Mesophyll darkened for contrast.)Diaspores In P. dendroides, P. huancabambensis, and P. pilosus var. pilosus the basal half from the fruiting sepals thickens along the midvein at maturity and recurves hygroscopically upon drying, presumably pushing the detached corolla and fruit upward for the capitulum purchase AG 879 surface (Figs 2A, D; 7E; 12G, H). This really is related to the “elevator mechanism” of dispersal, described by Trovand St zel (2011) for P. tortilis (Bong.) K n. Nevertheless, in P. tortilis, the suggestions in the sepals recurve sharply, when in the taxa described here, only the sepal bases thicken and reflex, and also the apex remains angled upward. The pilose corolla remains tightly attached towards the fruit and is dispersed with it, leaving the sepals behind. In P. dendroides and to some extent in P. huancabambensis, the petals are broadly spatulate and densely pilose (Fig. 7), probably additional facilitating dispersal, whilst in P. pilosus the persistent petals are fairly narrow (Fig. 12E, G). Having said that, in P. pilosus the hygroscopic pseudotrichomes (rod-like epidermal wall remains) of the seed coat are slightly stiffer and more prominent than in any on the other species, although those of P. dendroides have a tendency to become weak and flaccid (cf. Figs five, 7, 10, 12). Melcher et al. (2004), within a broad survey of paramo taxa, assumed around the basis of morphology that P. pilosus (“P. karstenii”) is primarily wind-dispersed and secondarily water-dispersed. They discovered that diaspores of this species will float for no less than 3 days and suggested that the persistent pilose petals, and probably the pseudotrichomes of your seeds, may perhaps function to trap air bubbles. SEM pictures of your diaspore and seed are supplied by Melcher et al. (2004). The PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20106880 diaspores of P. caryonauta (Fig. 2B , Fig. 5K ), P. lodiculoides (Fig. 2E, Fig. 10E), and P. pilosus var. leoniae (Fig. 12L) are of a distinct type. In these taxa, each sepals and petals are uniformly thickened in fruit, the broad-based sepals strongly cymbiform-clasping, and also the fruit dispersed enveloped by the entire perianth. The.
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