S only possible upon certain structural rearrangements at that site. Given

S only possible upon certain structural rearrangements at that site. Given the property of PDZ domains of having multiple docking sites and the fact that HtrA2 requires huge conformational changes for proper active site formation, we hypothesized presence of a relatively exposed pocket where peptide binding occurs prior to interaction with the buried YIGV groove. In our studies, we have found a novel surface exposed region (SBP) around PDZ domain which is easily accessible to the peptide. With an aim at understanding the allosteric mechanism in HtrA2 and whether the binding site is structurally conserved, we did a side-by-side comparison with the peptide-bound PDZ structure of its bacterial counterpart DegS that is known to exhibit allostery [30]. The structural Emixustat (hydrochloride) manufacturer Overlay of peptide bound forms of these two proteins show striking structural similarity in the regions of binding (Figure 7a) with the GLGF groove (YIGV in HtrA2 and YIGI in DegS) oriented differently. Since the YIGV motif is buried in HtrA2 structure, its inaccessibility might be the reason for the peptide to initially bind to another relatively accessible region with similar Licochalcone A cost hydrophobic milieu. However, in DegS, the YIGI groove is already exposed to accommodate the peptide easily and hence this kind of initial interaction is not required. Our MDS studies show that peptide binding at SBP leads to subtle structural changes in the region adjoining YIGV leading to opening up of the pocket. The last b strand of PDZ domain whichlies on one side of YIGV groove moves away from it. The YIGV and the loop spanning residues 67?3 move away from each other while the loop comprising residues 263?77 of the b-a-b motif also drifts at an angle away from the YIGV making it more solvent exposed (Figure 7b). Therefore, upon SBP binding, the relative movements of the loops in vicinity of the hydrophobic YIGV pocket might confer it with the kind of exposure that is required for interaction with peptides. These observations along with our enzymology studies with SBP and YIGV mutants, led to defining a model (Figure 8) for allosteric propagation in HtrA2. The model suggests that initial binding of the peptide activator at SBP leads to structural fluctuations which result in subtle rearrangement at and around the YIGV groove (a part of greater SBP mesh as identified by Sitemap) thus exposing it. Opening up of the deeply embedded YIGV pocket makes it accessible to the substrate molecule which consequently leads to allosteric signal propagation at the active site in the serine protease domain. This alternative non-canonical PDZ binding site though novel in HtrA family of proteins, is not unprecedented in literature. It has been observed that PDZ7 of the scaffold protein Glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) has an alternative exposed hydrophobic pocket that binds its substrate GRASP-1 since the canonical binding site is deeply embedded within the protein [31]. Overlay of the PDZ from HtrA2 and PDZ7 of GRIP1 show striking structural similarity including the classical peptide binding groove and the novel non-canonical pocket (Figure S2). Thus, in these two proteins, perturbations at the alternative distal binding sites might be coupled dynamically to the classical binding groove by a complex mechanism that includes fast (ps s) timescale dynamics which consequently leads to allosteric signal propagation to the active site. In the recent past, allosteric modulators have evolved into important dru.S only possible upon certain structural rearrangements at that site. Given the property of PDZ domains of having multiple docking sites and the fact that HtrA2 requires huge conformational changes for proper active site formation, we hypothesized presence of a relatively exposed pocket where peptide binding occurs prior to interaction with the buried YIGV groove. In our studies, we have found a novel surface exposed region (SBP) around PDZ domain which is easily accessible to the peptide. With an aim at understanding the allosteric mechanism in HtrA2 and whether the binding site is structurally conserved, we did a side-by-side comparison with the peptide-bound PDZ structure of its bacterial counterpart DegS that is known to exhibit allostery [30]. The structural overlay of peptide bound forms of these two proteins show striking structural similarity in the regions of binding (Figure 7a) with the GLGF groove (YIGV in HtrA2 and YIGI in DegS) oriented differently. Since the YIGV motif is buried in HtrA2 structure, its inaccessibility might be the reason for the peptide to initially bind to another relatively accessible region with similar hydrophobic milieu. However, in DegS, the YIGI groove is already exposed to accommodate the peptide easily and hence this kind of initial interaction is not required. Our MDS studies show that peptide binding at SBP leads to subtle structural changes in the region adjoining YIGV leading to opening up of the pocket. The last b strand of PDZ domain whichlies on one side of YIGV groove moves away from it. The YIGV and the loop spanning residues 67?3 move away from each other while the loop comprising residues 263?77 of the b-a-b motif also drifts at an angle away from the YIGV making it more solvent exposed (Figure 7b). Therefore, upon SBP binding, the relative movements of the loops in vicinity of the hydrophobic YIGV pocket might confer it with the kind of exposure that is required for interaction with peptides. These observations along with our enzymology studies with SBP and YIGV mutants, led to defining a model (Figure 8) for allosteric propagation in HtrA2. The model suggests that initial binding of the peptide activator at SBP leads to structural fluctuations which result in subtle rearrangement at and around the YIGV groove (a part of greater SBP mesh as identified by Sitemap) thus exposing it. Opening up of the deeply embedded YIGV pocket makes it accessible to the substrate molecule which consequently leads to allosteric signal propagation at the active site in the serine protease domain. This alternative non-canonical PDZ binding site though novel in HtrA family of proteins, is not unprecedented in literature. It has been observed that PDZ7 of the scaffold protein Glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) has an alternative exposed hydrophobic pocket that binds its substrate GRASP-1 since the canonical binding site is deeply embedded within the protein [31]. Overlay of the PDZ from HtrA2 and PDZ7 of GRIP1 show striking structural similarity including the classical peptide binding groove and the novel non-canonical pocket (Figure S2). Thus, in these two proteins, perturbations at the alternative distal binding sites might be coupled dynamically to the classical binding groove by a complex mechanism that includes fast (ps s) timescale dynamics which consequently leads to allosteric signal propagation to the active site. In the recent past, allosteric modulators have evolved into important dru.