Single disulfide bond between loop I (of irditoxin B) and loop

Single disulfide bond between loop I (of irditoxin B) and loop II (of irditoxin A) [19]. 3FTxs also exhibit minor structural variations in the length and conformation of the loops, andHemachatoxin from Ringhals Cobra Venompresence of longer C-terminal or N-terminal extensions (for details, see [4]). Despite overall similar fold, 3FTxs recognize a broad 25033180 range of distinct molecular targets resulting in diverse biological activities [21,22]. Based on their biological properties, 3FTxs can be classified as postsynaptic neurotoxins targeting the nicotinic [23] and muscarinic [24] acetylcholine receptors, cardiotoxins/cytotoxins targeting phospholipid membranes [25], fasciculins targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) [26], calciseptins and FS2 toxins targeting L-type calcium channels [27,28], anticoagulants like naniproin, exactin and siamextin [R. M. Kini and colleagues, unpublished data] targeting various coagulation complexes, b-blockers like b-cardiotoxin targeting b1- and b2adrenergic receptors [29], dendroaspin targeting aIIbb3 (glycoprotein IIB-IIIa) [30], cardiotoxin A5 targeting avb3 integrins [31] and antagonists of a1A [32] and a2A [33]adrenergic receptors. The ability of 3FTxs to recognize various molecular targets signifies the need for understanding structure-function relationships of these toxins. The three-finger fold is also observed in various other proteins like xenoxins from X. laevis [34] and HEP21 from hen egg white [35], as well as mammalian Ly-6 alloantigens [36], urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor [37] and complement regulatory protein CD59 [38]. 3FTxs in snake venoms are thought to be evolved from non-toxic ancestral proteins through gene duplication and accelerated evolution [39,40].In continuation of our efforts to understand the relationship between the structure and function of 3FTxs [4,7,15], we isolated, purified and determined the complete amino acid sequence and the crystal structure of a new three-finger toxin (hemachatoxin) ?from H. haemachatus (Ringhals cobra) venom at 2.43 A resolution. The overall fold of hemachatoxin is similar to other known 3FTxs. The 1081537 structure and sequence analysis revealed that the fold is maintained by four conserved disulfide bonds. Our efforts on the structure and sequence analyses combined with literature suggested that the unique biological activities of the 3FTxs are associated with the subtle conformational differences in the three b-strand loops. In addition, our analysis suggests that hemachatoxin might be endowed with cardiotoxic/cytotoxic activity.Results Isolation and Purification of HemachatoxinThe H. haemachatus crude venom was fractionated on a gel filtration (Superdex 30) column. Peak 3 (Figure 1A) from gel filtration chromatography contained proteins that mostly belong to 3FTx family. Hemachatoxin (black arrow) was purified from peak 3 on a C18 reverse-phase column (Figure 1B) and Rubusoside further purified to homogeneity using a shallow gradient on the same column (Figure 1C). The homogeneity and mass of hemachatoxin wasFigure 1. Purification of hemachatoxin from the venom of H. haemachatus. (A) Size-exclusion chromatogram of the crude venom. The proteins were ML 281 site eluted using 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 and monitored at 280 nm. The fractions of peak 3 (black horizontal bar) were pooled and subfractionated on RP-HPLC. (B) RP-HPLC chromatogram of peak 3 using a linear gradient of 28?0 solvent B. The elution was monitored at 215 nm. The black arrow indicates the elution of hemach.Single disulfide bond between loop I (of irditoxin B) and loop II (of irditoxin A) [19]. 3FTxs also exhibit minor structural variations in the length and conformation of the loops, andHemachatoxin from Ringhals Cobra Venompresence of longer C-terminal or N-terminal extensions (for details, see [4]). Despite overall similar fold, 3FTxs recognize a broad 25033180 range of distinct molecular targets resulting in diverse biological activities [21,22]. Based on their biological properties, 3FTxs can be classified as postsynaptic neurotoxins targeting the nicotinic [23] and muscarinic [24] acetylcholine receptors, cardiotoxins/cytotoxins targeting phospholipid membranes [25], fasciculins targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) [26], calciseptins and FS2 toxins targeting L-type calcium channels [27,28], anticoagulants like naniproin, exactin and siamextin [R. M. Kini and colleagues, unpublished data] targeting various coagulation complexes, b-blockers like b-cardiotoxin targeting b1- and b2adrenergic receptors [29], dendroaspin targeting aIIbb3 (glycoprotein IIB-IIIa) [30], cardiotoxin A5 targeting avb3 integrins [31] and antagonists of a1A [32] and a2A [33]adrenergic receptors. The ability of 3FTxs to recognize various molecular targets signifies the need for understanding structure-function relationships of these toxins. The three-finger fold is also observed in various other proteins like xenoxins from X. laevis [34] and HEP21 from hen egg white [35], as well as mammalian Ly-6 alloantigens [36], urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor [37] and complement regulatory protein CD59 [38]. 3FTxs in snake venoms are thought to be evolved from non-toxic ancestral proteins through gene duplication and accelerated evolution [39,40].In continuation of our efforts to understand the relationship between the structure and function of 3FTxs [4,7,15], we isolated, purified and determined the complete amino acid sequence and the crystal structure of a new three-finger toxin (hemachatoxin) ?from H. haemachatus (Ringhals cobra) venom at 2.43 A resolution. The overall fold of hemachatoxin is similar to other known 3FTxs. The 1081537 structure and sequence analysis revealed that the fold is maintained by four conserved disulfide bonds. Our efforts on the structure and sequence analyses combined with literature suggested that the unique biological activities of the 3FTxs are associated with the subtle conformational differences in the three b-strand loops. In addition, our analysis suggests that hemachatoxin might be endowed with cardiotoxic/cytotoxic activity.Results Isolation and Purification of HemachatoxinThe H. haemachatus crude venom was fractionated on a gel filtration (Superdex 30) column. Peak 3 (Figure 1A) from gel filtration chromatography contained proteins that mostly belong to 3FTx family. Hemachatoxin (black arrow) was purified from peak 3 on a C18 reverse-phase column (Figure 1B) and further purified to homogeneity using a shallow gradient on the same column (Figure 1C). The homogeneity and mass of hemachatoxin wasFigure 1. Purification of hemachatoxin from the venom of H. haemachatus. (A) Size-exclusion chromatogram of the crude venom. The proteins were eluted using 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 and monitored at 280 nm. The fractions of peak 3 (black horizontal bar) were pooled and subfractionated on RP-HPLC. (B) RP-HPLC chromatogram of peak 3 using a linear gradient of 28?0 solvent B. The elution was monitored at 215 nm. The black arrow indicates the elution of hemach.