Content of the MLRsup where the suppressor cell versus CD4+CD

Content of the MLRsup where the suppressor cell versus CD4+CD252 T cell was 0 (CTR) and 1:1 (Nrp1) was evaluated by ELISA. Results are presented as mean 6 SD values of triplicate wells, and are representative of 3 independent experiments. *P,0.05, **P,0.01, ***P,0.001. Nrp1 = neuropilin-1, MLRsup = mixed-lymphocyte reaction supernatants, CTR = control group, 3H-TdR = metabolic incorporation of tritiated thymidine, cpm = cells per 101043-37-2 million, NS = not significant. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061151.gCD4+CD252Nrp1+ T Cells Prevent Cardiac Rejectiondecreased the expression of IL-17 and 370-86-5 increased the expression of TGF-b in the serum (Fig. 3H, 3J). Together, we confirmed that CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T treatment changed the intragraft and systemic expression of inflammatory cytokines towards an antiinflammatory status.4. CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells augment CD4+Foxp3+ Treg accumulation in transplant recipientsCD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells have been shown to be critically involved in the induction and maintenance of transplant tolerance in a broad range of studies. Following our observation that CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells could prolong cardiac allograft survival, we tested whether CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells could be involved in this mechanism. Indeed, on day 21 post-transplantation, we detected significantly increased CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the spleens of CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells but not Rapamycin-only treated mice as compared with untreated controls (P,0.05, Fig. 4A, 4B). Interestingly, the percentage of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells was further increased in mice that received combined therapy of CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells and Rapamycin, and persistented in long-term allograft survivors that were sacrificed at day 42 and day 70 (Fig. 4A, 4B). Taken together, these data suggest that CD4+CD252Nrp1+ cell transfer can augment CD4+Foxp3+ Treg accumulation in transplant recipients as a possible mechanism to prolong survival. To determine whether these CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells have a regulatory capacity, CD4+CD25+T cells were purified from spleens of mice sacrificed on day 21. By this method 76?3 of these CD4+CD25+T cells were determined to be Foxp3+, which were then used in a suppression assay to determine their function. As shown in Fig. 4C, better suppressive capability in a dosedependent matter was found in CD4+CD25+ Treg cells purified from recipient mice treated by Rapamycin combined with CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells as compared with those from untreated recipient mice.5. CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells induce hyporesponsiveness of the T effector cellsTo further dissect the mechanisms underlying the protection of CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells against allograft rejection, we further examined its impact on T effector cells. We isolated CD4+CD252 T cells from the spleens of recipient mice treated with Rapamycin combined with CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells on day 70 after transplantation, and examined their proliferation upon the priming by irradiated BALB/c (donor) splenocytes. Syngeneic cardiac transplant recipients that were sacrificed at the same time post transplantation served as controls. As demonstrated in Fig. 5A, Rapamycin combined with CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cell treated mice showed a significant reduction (2-fold on average) in T cell proliferation. Interestingly, addition of exogenous IL-2 to the assay with CD4+CD252 T cell responders caused an almost complete restoration of responsiveness, with no significant difference between the groups. This suggests that Rapamycin combined with CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells created condit.Content of the MLRsup where the suppressor cell versus CD4+CD252 T cell was 0 (CTR) and 1:1 (Nrp1) was evaluated by ELISA. Results are presented as mean 6 SD values of triplicate wells, and are representative of 3 independent experiments. *P,0.05, **P,0.01, ***P,0.001. Nrp1 = neuropilin-1, MLRsup = mixed-lymphocyte reaction supernatants, CTR = control group, 3H-TdR = metabolic incorporation of tritiated thymidine, cpm = cells per million, NS = not significant. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061151.gCD4+CD252Nrp1+ T Cells Prevent Cardiac Rejectiondecreased the expression of IL-17 and increased the expression of TGF-b in the serum (Fig. 3H, 3J). Together, we confirmed that CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T treatment changed the intragraft and systemic expression of inflammatory cytokines towards an antiinflammatory status.4. CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells augment CD4+Foxp3+ Treg accumulation in transplant recipientsCD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells have been shown to be critically involved in the induction and maintenance of transplant tolerance in a broad range of studies. Following our observation that CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells could prolong cardiac allograft survival, we tested whether CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells could be involved in this mechanism. Indeed, on day 21 post-transplantation, we detected significantly increased CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the spleens of CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells but not Rapamycin-only treated mice as compared with untreated controls (P,0.05, Fig. 4A, 4B). Interestingly, the percentage of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells was further increased in mice that received combined therapy of CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells and Rapamycin, and persistented in long-term allograft survivors that were sacrificed at day 42 and day 70 (Fig. 4A, 4B). Taken together, these data suggest that CD4+CD252Nrp1+ cell transfer can augment CD4+Foxp3+ Treg accumulation in transplant recipients as a possible mechanism to prolong survival. To determine whether these CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells have a regulatory capacity, CD4+CD25+T cells were purified from spleens of mice sacrificed on day 21. By this method 76?3 of these CD4+CD25+T cells were determined to be Foxp3+, which were then used in a suppression assay to determine their function. As shown in Fig. 4C, better suppressive capability in a dosedependent matter was found in CD4+CD25+ Treg cells purified from recipient mice treated by Rapamycin combined with CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells as compared with those from untreated recipient mice.5. CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells induce hyporesponsiveness of the T effector cellsTo further dissect the mechanisms underlying the protection of CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells against allograft rejection, we further examined its impact on T effector cells. We isolated CD4+CD252 T cells from the spleens of recipient mice treated with Rapamycin combined with CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells on day 70 after transplantation, and examined their proliferation upon the priming by irradiated BALB/c (donor) splenocytes. Syngeneic cardiac transplant recipients that were sacrificed at the same time post transplantation served as controls. As demonstrated in Fig. 5A, Rapamycin combined with CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cell treated mice showed a significant reduction (2-fold on average) in T cell proliferation. Interestingly, addition of exogenous IL-2 to the assay with CD4+CD252 T cell responders caused an almost complete restoration of responsiveness, with no significant difference between the groups. This suggests that Rapamycin combined with CD4+CD252Nrp1+ T cells created condit.