Egulated at stage 1 and stage 6 compared to other stages (Figure

Egulated at stage 1 and stage 6 compared to other stages (Figure 1379592 6). Signals of the other seven phytohormones were also involved in the development of ray florets. The genes in the pathway marked at the KEGG map04075, which encode as phytohormone signal transduction, are statistically listed in Table S3 and Table S4. These results imply that the growth of the ray floret involves integral modulations that are controlled by the endogenous phytohormones and exogenous stimuli. As the synthesis of GA, ABA, cytokinin and BR is all derived from pathways of terpenoid backbone synthesis by utilizing common terpoid precursors, theTranscriptome Analysis of Gerbera hybridaFigure 5. Proposed pathways of GA metabolism in G. SPDB site hybrida ray florets (derived from KEGG map00904, with modification). The compounds are noted in black, and the identified enzymes in G. hybrida florets are noted in blue. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057715.gfour phytohormones may influence one another through several important roles. One of the RING-H2 ubiquitin E3 ligases, 94-09-7 chemical information XERICO, plays a role not only in ABA metabolism but also as a target of DELLA in GA response [35,48]. Unfortunately, we could not identify perfectly matched transcripts of XERICO. The gene, Brassinosteroid-6-oxidase2 (BR6ox2), which encodes the cytochrome P450 enzyme to catalyze the last step of BR biosynthesis, is also down-regulated by GA early response [35,49]. Only one homologous transcript of BR6ox1 was identified in the transcriptome. The expression of CYCLIN D3 (CYCD3) is modulated by cytokinin levels to influence cell division and determine cell number in developing organs [50]. Overexpression of CYCD3 can rescue the growth of ga1-3 plants [51]. Several results indicate thatcell proliferation under GA stimuli may affect cytokinin signal transduction by controlling the CYCD gene family. We identified eight transcripts of CYCD3 (Table 4, Table S2). RT-PCR results demonstrated that CYCD3 (accession ID GACN01019196) was obviously up-regulated at the stage 1 and stage 2 (Figure 6). As CYCD3 is the mark gene for cell division, this result is consistent with fact that the ray florets are in cell division in early stages as well [9]. Because we did not obtain the BR6ox2 and detect the cytokinin level, we cannot conclude the possibility that the variation of CYCD3 is not directly influenced by the phytohormone. These results indicate that the development of the G. hybrida ray floral is a network that is controlled by the dynamicTranscriptome Analysis of Gerbera hybridaFigure 6. RT-PCR for some candidate genes in stage 1 (S1) to stage 6 (S6). RT-PCR analysis was repeated on three independent samples and the representative ethidium bromide gel pictures are shown. Primer pairs for each distinct gene are listed in Supplemental table S5. GACN01029707 and AJ763915 were used as the normalization controls. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057715.gTable 4. Statistics of GA signal transduction genes in G. hybrida ray floret.ReceptorTranscript factor Number of transcriptsDistribution of corresponding hits by local BLASTNG. hybrida `Terra Regina’ A. annyaGibberellin GID1 DELLA GID2 Several downstream genes in GA signal PIF1 PIF3 BR6ox1 CYCD3 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057715.t004 9 5 6 1 1 1 8 1 ??????71 58 2 1 5 7C. tinctorius11 1 5 ??8H. annuus3?3 ?Transcriptome Analysis of Gerbera hybridaFigure 7. Phylogram tree of five AtDELLA proteins and four putative DELLA proteins in G. hybrida using ClustalW2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.005771.Egulated at stage 1 and stage 6 compared to other stages (Figure 1379592 6). Signals of the other seven phytohormones were also involved in the development of ray florets. The genes in the pathway marked at the KEGG map04075, which encode as phytohormone signal transduction, are statistically listed in Table S3 and Table S4. These results imply that the growth of the ray floret involves integral modulations that are controlled by the endogenous phytohormones and exogenous stimuli. As the synthesis of GA, ABA, cytokinin and BR is all derived from pathways of terpenoid backbone synthesis by utilizing common terpoid precursors, theTranscriptome Analysis of Gerbera hybridaFigure 5. Proposed pathways of GA metabolism in G. hybrida ray florets (derived from KEGG map00904, with modification). The compounds are noted in black, and the identified enzymes in G. hybrida florets are noted in blue. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057715.gfour phytohormones may influence one another through several important roles. One of the RING-H2 ubiquitin E3 ligases, XERICO, plays a role not only in ABA metabolism but also as a target of DELLA in GA response [35,48]. Unfortunately, we could not identify perfectly matched transcripts of XERICO. The gene, Brassinosteroid-6-oxidase2 (BR6ox2), which encodes the cytochrome P450 enzyme to catalyze the last step of BR biosynthesis, is also down-regulated by GA early response [35,49]. Only one homologous transcript of BR6ox1 was identified in the transcriptome. The expression of CYCLIN D3 (CYCD3) is modulated by cytokinin levels to influence cell division and determine cell number in developing organs [50]. Overexpression of CYCD3 can rescue the growth of ga1-3 plants [51]. Several results indicate thatcell proliferation under GA stimuli may affect cytokinin signal transduction by controlling the CYCD gene family. We identified eight transcripts of CYCD3 (Table 4, Table S2). RT-PCR results demonstrated that CYCD3 (accession ID GACN01019196) was obviously up-regulated at the stage 1 and stage 2 (Figure 6). As CYCD3 is the mark gene for cell division, this result is consistent with fact that the ray florets are in cell division in early stages as well [9]. Because we did not obtain the BR6ox2 and detect the cytokinin level, we cannot conclude the possibility that the variation of CYCD3 is not directly influenced by the phytohormone. These results indicate that the development of the G. hybrida ray floral is a network that is controlled by the dynamicTranscriptome Analysis of Gerbera hybridaFigure 6. RT-PCR for some candidate genes in stage 1 (S1) to stage 6 (S6). RT-PCR analysis was repeated on three independent samples and the representative ethidium bromide gel pictures are shown. Primer pairs for each distinct gene are listed in Supplemental table S5. GACN01029707 and AJ763915 were used as the normalization controls. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057715.gTable 4. Statistics of GA signal transduction genes in G. hybrida ray floret.ReceptorTranscript factor Number of transcriptsDistribution of corresponding hits by local BLASTNG. hybrida `Terra Regina’ A. annyaGibberellin GID1 DELLA GID2 Several downstream genes in GA signal PIF1 PIF3 BR6ox1 CYCD3 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057715.t004 9 5 6 1 1 1 8 1 ??????71 58 2 1 5 7C. tinctorius11 1 5 ??8H. annuus3?3 ?Transcriptome Analysis of Gerbera hybridaFigure 7. Phylogram tree of five AtDELLA proteins and four putative DELLA proteins in G. hybrida using ClustalW2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.005771.