Tubules that are interconnected at hundreds of three-way junctions [1]. In most

Tubules that are interconnected at hundreds of three-way junctions [1]. In most cell types, ER membranes are widely distributed throughout the cell cytoplasm, extending from the outer nuclear envelope to the cell periphery [2?]. Many essential processes, including protein and lipid biosynthesis, drug detoxification and calcium regulation, occur within sub-domains of the ER [3]. In response to specific developmental cues, select sub-domains of the ER undergo dramatic expansion, presumably reflecting physiological changes in demand for certain ER functions over others [5]. The ER can also undergo major changes in overall organization. For instance, in professional secretory pancreatic acinar cells, flattened sheets of ribosomestudded rough ER membranes are organized into regular parallel arrays [3,6]. In other specialized cell types that secrete either peptide or steroid hormones, rough or smooth ER membranes undergo reversible reorganization into concentric ribbon-like whorls [7?]. In many cases, neither the mechanisms that alter ER organization, nor the functional consequences on organelle function, are well understood.We previously identified the ER-to-Golgi cycling protein Yip1A as a regulator of ER network structure and organization. RNAi mediated knockdown of Yip1A in HeLa cells resulted in a remarkable transformation of the typically dispersed ER network into tightly stacked, micrometer sized concentric membrane whorls [10]. Importantly, the ER whorl phenotype, somewhat reminiscent of the ribbon-like concentric whorls seen in specialized cells [7?], was specific to the loss of Yip1A, as it was rescued by the expression of a siRNA immune Yip1A construct [10]. Our identification of Yip1A as an apparent ER structuring protein was surprising in several respects. First, although as much as half the protein is present in the ER at any given time [11], Yip1A undergoes constant ER exit and depends on retrieval from post-ER compartments to achieve its steady state ER exit site localization [12,13]. Second, Yip1A was initially discovered as a yeast protein required for 370-86-5 vesicle trafficking rather than organelle structuring. In one set of studies yeast Yip1p was implicated in COPII-mediated vesicle biogenesis [12]; while in another, Yip1p was implicated in fusion of ER-derived COPII vesicles with the Golgi [14]. Consistent with its ER-to-Golgi cycling behavior, Tetracosactrin mammalian Yip1A was shown to bind the Sec23/24 subunit of the COPII coat [15]; and furthermore, stable binding partners of Yip1p have been identified in Yif1p [16] and Yos1p [11], also ERto-Golgi cycling proteins. Additional though likely more transient interacting partners have been found in Yop1p [17] and theMutational Analysis of Yip1AYpt1p/Ypt31p sub-class of Rab GTPases [18,19]. Finally, mammalian Yip1A was also found to be required for COPIindependent retrograde trafficking to the ER [20]. Consistent with earlier work implicating Yip1p/Yip1A in trafficking between the ER and Golgi, our work also revealed a marked delay of COPIImediated protein export from the ER in HeLa cells depleted of Yip1A [10]. However, the delay could in principle be attributed to a secondary consequence of ER whorl formation, as whorl formation through an entirely independent means [21] was sufficient to delay ER export [10].Whether Yip1A plays a direct or indirect role in regulating ER whorl formation remains to be determined. In addition to naturally occurring instances of whorl formation in specialized t.Tubules that are interconnected at hundreds of three-way junctions [1]. In most cell types, ER membranes are widely distributed throughout the cell cytoplasm, extending from the outer nuclear envelope to the cell periphery [2?]. Many essential processes, including protein and lipid biosynthesis, drug detoxification and calcium regulation, occur within sub-domains of the ER [3]. In response to specific developmental cues, select sub-domains of the ER undergo dramatic expansion, presumably reflecting physiological changes in demand for certain ER functions over others [5]. The ER can also undergo major changes in overall organization. For instance, in professional secretory pancreatic acinar cells, flattened sheets of ribosomestudded rough ER membranes are organized into regular parallel arrays [3,6]. In other specialized cell types that secrete either peptide or steroid hormones, rough or smooth ER membranes undergo reversible reorganization into concentric ribbon-like whorls [7?]. In many cases, neither the mechanisms that alter ER organization, nor the functional consequences on organelle function, are well understood.We previously identified the ER-to-Golgi cycling protein Yip1A as a regulator of ER network structure and organization. RNAi mediated knockdown of Yip1A in HeLa cells resulted in a remarkable transformation of the typically dispersed ER network into tightly stacked, micrometer sized concentric membrane whorls [10]. Importantly, the ER whorl phenotype, somewhat reminiscent of the ribbon-like concentric whorls seen in specialized cells [7?], was specific to the loss of Yip1A, as it was rescued by the expression of a siRNA immune Yip1A construct [10]. Our identification of Yip1A as an apparent ER structuring protein was surprising in several respects. First, although as much as half the protein is present in the ER at any given time [11], Yip1A undergoes constant ER exit and depends on retrieval from post-ER compartments to achieve its steady state ER exit site localization [12,13]. Second, Yip1A was initially discovered as a yeast protein required for vesicle trafficking rather than organelle structuring. In one set of studies yeast Yip1p was implicated in COPII-mediated vesicle biogenesis [12]; while in another, Yip1p was implicated in fusion of ER-derived COPII vesicles with the Golgi [14]. Consistent with its ER-to-Golgi cycling behavior, mammalian Yip1A was shown to bind the Sec23/24 subunit of the COPII coat [15]; and furthermore, stable binding partners of Yip1p have been identified in Yif1p [16] and Yos1p [11], also ERto-Golgi cycling proteins. Additional though likely more transient interacting partners have been found in Yop1p [17] and theMutational Analysis of Yip1AYpt1p/Ypt31p sub-class of Rab GTPases [18,19]. Finally, mammalian Yip1A was also found to be required for COPIindependent retrograde trafficking to the ER [20]. Consistent with earlier work implicating Yip1p/Yip1A in trafficking between the ER and Golgi, our work also revealed a marked delay of COPIImediated protein export from the ER in HeLa cells depleted of Yip1A [10]. However, the delay could in principle be attributed to a secondary consequence of ER whorl formation, as whorl formation through an entirely independent means [21] was sufficient to delay ER export [10].Whether Yip1A plays a direct or indirect role in regulating ER whorl formation remains to be determined. In addition to naturally occurring instances of whorl formation in specialized t.