The formation of conidiophores on PAO was delayed by 12 to 24 h

trains. In a small study in Henan province, strains were found with a high level of Scutellarein web resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase 15060526 inhibitors and lower levels of resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; inadequate compliance to therapy appears to have been a primary factor for the development of this resistance. The concentration of HIV infected patients in the Henan province compounds the epidemiological consequences of inadequately treated HIV infection. Consequently, since 2004 as part of an investigation by the Henan CDC, over 23,000 patients receiving standard HAART have their CD4+ T cell counts and viral load level monitored regularly. The very large Henan cohort is relatively genetically and socially homogenous with a high follow-up rate. Standard HAART for this cohort includes two 1 ABCB1 Variation and Treatment Response in AIDS NRTIs and one NNRTI or one protease inhibitor . The expectation is that study of this large, unique, and well characterized cohort will identify useful pharmacogenetic associations to allow better treatment of HIV patients in China and elsewhere. While there is consensus that monotherapy with available drugs is not effective to control HIV infection, the choice of drugs for combination therapy depends on several factors. The panel of drugs used to treat AIDS in China has been standardized and follows the national guidelines for the public antiretroviral therapy program. The antiretroviral NRTIs provided free of cost by the national government are: AZT, 3TC, d4T, ddI, ABC, and TDF; the NNRTIs are: EFV, NVP; and the PIs 11478874 are: ATV, IDV, and LPV/r. Inclusion of AZT, NVP, 3TC or d4T, because of the ability of these drugs to bypass the blood-brain barrier, is common. The preferred first-line therapy in treatment-naive adults is AZT or d4T +3TC+NVP, but as HAART usually contains dual NRTIs plus one NNRTI or PI there are many possible combinations. The choice of drugs employed is based on balancing patient tolerance and response, drug toxicity, as well as issues of cost and local supply. Additionally, the regimens will be modified if initial treatment is not effective or tolerated poorly. Decisions on which therapy choices to utilize are therefore directed in part by trial and error and the physician’s experience with different treatment strategies. Clearly, better prescriptive tools are needed. Standard antiretroviral therapy doesn’t take the genetic variation of patients into account, contributing to varying treatment response among patients. In this study we explored the association of HAART response with five polymorphisms in four genes that have been shown to affect the pharmacokinetics of several standard HAART drugs and response to treatment. Polymorphisms in several genes, especially those coding proteins in drugs absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, have been implicated in altering the pharmacokinetics of some HAART drugs. ABCB1 polymorphisms may predict virologic failure in response to EFV, variations in CYP2B6 can predict pharmacokinetic aspects of EFV response, variants of the ABCC4 gene are associated with higher intracellular accumulation of AZT in vitro, and the ABCG2 C421A allele is associated with the disposition of 3TC. However, these variations are not utilized in standard clinical practice and their importance in a Chinese cohort is not known. To study the association of selected SNPs with drug treatment outcome, the level of HIV infection was ass