E production follows the historical plan regardless of electricity rates. TheE production follows the historical

E production follows the historical plan regardless of electricity rates. The
E production follows the historical strategy irrespective of electrical energy prices. The transport fleet consists of diesel trucks. Technologies expansion TECH The enterprise can invest in PV and battery. Flexible production FLEX A production-energy management technique is installed; thus, the production is flexible. Decarbonized transport TRAN Diesel trucks are replaced by fuel cell electric trucks, which are filled by bought hydrogen. Local synegies SYN Hydrogen is usually made from surplus generation. Three supplementary situation sets are investigated to know the effects of the peak energy charge, type of renewable power and selection year. In GFS, a grid fee structure includes a fixed annual access charge accounts for 50 , a time-varying volumetric charge 25 and a peak power charge of 25 . Advantages of wind energy prospective instead of solar power are studied in WEP. In Y25, parameters for 2025 are assumed. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the cost-optimal situation to know the effects of parameter uncertainties. 4.four. Parameters Sources and assumptions for parameters employed for the calculations are presented as follows as well as in tables in Appendix B. 4.four.1. Electrical energy Costs and Emission Elements In 2019, an typical procurement price primarily based on EPEX costs [55] and historical consumption amounts to 4.30 cte/kWh. Grid charges interpolated from data in [56] areEnergies 2021, 14,8 of5.65 cte/kWh. Taxes-and-levies comprise of EEG-Levy 6.41 cte/kWh and also other taxes 2.55 cte/kWh [57]. Thus, the productive price for the case study totals to 18.90 cte/kWh. The price projection for future years assumes that total cost as well as other taxes remain exactly the same. Immediately after 2022, EEG-Levy is assumed to linearly reduce to zero in 20 years. Previously 5 years, grid fees Decanoyl-L-carnitine medchemexpress improve by 0.072 cte/kWh p.a. This can be assumed to continue. The procurement cost may be the adjusting element to ensure that the total Charybdotoxin Autophagy prices equal to 18.90 cte/kWh. Table A1 shows the projected electricity rates. [58] projected electrical energy costs with all the similar trend. On the grid charge structure, a fixed access charge contributes to 75 of grid charges, plus the rest is really a volumetric charge. The latter and electrical energy procurement are time-varying following the EPEX price profile. A German emission aspect profile for 2019 is processed from generation profiles [59] and emission elements [60] distinct to power plant sorts. An average element is 401 g/kWh [60]. German emission issue is assumed to lower by 12.0 g/kWh p.a. This price is derived from data in [42]. The projected typical element in 2030 is 269 g/kWh; the corresponding profile is processed by offsetting the profile for 2019. Figure five plots the volumetric price tag and emission profiles in 2030. Winter costs are higher than summer season as a result of greater demand. PV generation lowers each price tag and emission factor at midday; that is specifically notable in summer time.Figure 5. Average volumetric electrical energy prices and emission aspect in summer time and winter.four.4.2. Power Technologies Investment expenses for PV park and wind turbines (WT) in 2030 are 718, 550 and 1366 e/kWp [61]. Expenses for floating PV is roughly 18 larger than PV park because of the floating platform [62]. Correspondingly, floating PV price tag is assumed to become 660 e/kWp. On-site PV and WT generation profiles are extracted from [63] primarily based on strategies in [64,65]. The complete load hours of PV generation are 1250 h p.a., and 1800 h for WT. battery costs strongly vary by program sizes. A 150 kWh lithium-battery technique cos.