R their survival [37]. Though waterlogging anxiety has been shown in mostR their survival [37].

R their survival [37]. Though waterlogging anxiety has been shown in most
R their survival [37]. Despite the fact that waterlogging stress has been shown in most species, the effect could be far more aggravated in landscapes which might be affected by soil salinity [38]. The present study took spot within the low-lying, salt-affected coastal zone on the Ganges Delta. Hence, throughout the dry season when sudden heavy rainfall creates waterlogging, in addition, it causes an more soil constraint exactly where salinity and waterlogging occur together. These combined stresses exacerbate the uptake of toxic ions from the root zones into leaf tissues [22]. Previous studies have addressed short-term waterlogging for 4 days plus the results varied with all the stage of plant development [18,20]. Having said that, in the present study, short-term waterlogging for 48 and 72 h affected sunflower emergence, leaf expansion, plant height and root growth. This can be attributed towards the combination of waterlogging and salinity inside the root zone, that is a lot more damaging for crop growth and yield than waterlogging alone [39]. In addition, in field circumstances, plants often skilled intermittent episodes of inundation rather thanSoil Syst. 2021, five,10 ofpermanent waterlogging. Hence, plants may recover in portion from the damaging impact of waterlogging when re-aeration of your root zone occurs just after a period of tension. Nonetheless, the risk of crop harm may be decreased by installed surface and/or sub-surface drainage to decrease waterlogging effects and improve plant growth and yield [16,17]. 5. Conclusions The impact of waterlogging duration on sunflower was investigated at three UCB-5307 Purity & Documentation stages of early sunflower improvement (emergence, 2-leaf and 4-leaf) and with early and late sowing. Inside the present study, sunflower response to waterlogging varies with duration of waterlogging, improvement stage, and sowing time. Water inundation for 24 h had no detrimental effect at the early stage (emergence to 4-leaf stage) but waterlogging for 48 and 72 h considerably depressed emergence and development in the 2-leaf and 4-leaf stages. For early sowing, emergence was totally inhibited by waterlogging for 72 h, although this effect was minimal for later sowing when the influence of waterlogging (72 h) was significantly less severe. Shoot dry weight was substantially reduced at all improvement stages mainly because of waterlogging tension, but this impact was far more Safranin custom synthesis marked in the emergence and 2-leaf stages. We conclude that waterlogging for greater than 24 h adversely affects the early stage of sunflower growth in saline soils, but this effect is usually minimized if waterlogging happens at the later stage of sunflower growth and having a delayed sowing date. A additional study could possibly be carried out to document the alterations that occur in the soil resulting from waterlogging and soil salinity as well as the resultant root adaptations, such as the impact on ion uptake and toxicity in plant shoots and roots.Supplementary Supplies: The following are obtainable on the net at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ ten.3390/soilsystems5040068/s1, Table S1. Significance (p-values) of effects sowing dates, growth stages and waterlogging on sunflower development parameters at Pankhali, Dacope, Khulna in 2018-19. Author Contributions: P.L.C.P.: Idea, fieldwork, data collection and evaluation, preparation of tables and figures and writing the original manuscript; R.W.B., E.G.B.-L. and E.K.: Assisted with the concept, supervised fieldwork, reviewing and editing the manuscript; M.M.: Sources, reviewing and editing the manuscript; K.K.S.: Assisted with the statistical evaluation. All authors hav.